Please make a correction regarding blood circulation, it was first discovered by an Arab scientist named Ibn al-Nafis about 400 years before 1650. There are many other polymaths in Islamic world which are not given the due credit (racism and imperialism couldn’t stand if these “lowly” Arabs were 400 years advanced than Europeans, right?). The people like Ibn al-Haitham, Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi, Al-Biruni, Al-Razi, Ibn-e-Sina are a few names that you should google up, they were born during the so-called dark ages of Christian Europe and the polymaths of Christian Renaissance were standing on the shoulders of these giants, these were the people who developed scientific method (as opposed to philosophy). Ibn Al Haitham’s 10th century groundbreaking work of “shukook” (doubts, i.e. of Greek optics) was the first the early ones were called the groundbreaking work of “shukuk” (doubts, i.e. of Greek optics) was the first treatise on scientific method of empirical evidence as opposed to conjectural theories.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen